Most languages of Europe belong to the Indo-European language family. Another major family is the Finno-Ugric. The Turkic family also has several European members. The North and South Caucasian families are important in the southeastern extremity of geographical Europe. Basque is a language isolate directly related to ancient Aquitanian, while Maltese is the only national language in Europe, but not the only language in Europe, that is Semitic.

In addition to current languages, there are many languages once used in Europe which are now extinct (see List of extinct languages of Europe). Other languages are nearly extinct (see List of endangered languages in Europe). This article also does not include languages spoken by relatively recently-arrived migrant communities.

For the populations of Europe by country and the population overall, see Demographics of Europe. Main alphabets used in Europe, Cyprus and Turkey: Latin alphabet Cyrillic alphabet Greek alphabet Latin and Cyrillic alphabet Greek and Latin alphabet Main alphabets used in the past in Europe (around 1900)

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